Compare and contrast India and Chinas population

China and India are the two countries that have the highest population in the world. Both countries have realised that family planning and population control had to happen around the 1950s for India and the 1970s for China. This essay will seek to compare and contrast China and India, focusing on what the major problems facing both are, why have they both had to implement policies regarding population control, and the long-term and short-term effects that these policies have on the two countries. The major problem concerning China is over population. Due to overpopulation, the demand for energy to light every house and for petrol to fuel every car is becoming too great. With added pressure of providing for the people, more natural†¦show more content†¦Around the 1950s, India was the first country to officially establish a family planning program. This program made birth control information to become more readably available. Indias government saw big families leading to continued poverty, and poverty hindering economic progress. Just as with China, India saw foresaw that the country would not be able to feed the masses of people, and the country would eventually use up all of its resources and the population would ultimately breed themselves out of existence. Up until the 1970s, the government used no aggressive force to promote the use of contraceptives or sterilisations. They increased medical care and access to hospitals, and provided education for family planning. In the 1970s the government declared India to be in a state of emergency. Medical workers went out into the slums and poorer regions of India and forcibly sterilised women. The medics were rewarded for how many women they were able to sterilise. An effect that the one child policy has had on China is the improvement of the economy. When there was a larger population than there is now, the economy was suffering. Since the one child policy has had time to take effect, the population has shrunk and the economy can support the population. A negative effect that this policy has had on the Population is that there is an uneven balance of boys and girls. Female infanticide isShow MoreRelatedBriefly Compare the Political Regime Type in China and India. Which of the Two Would You Prefer to Do Business in and Why?1478 Words   |  6 PagesBriefly compare the political regime type in China and India. Which of the two would you prefer to do business in and why? India and China are two republics that have experienced very opposing political regimes throughout history. China has been fundamentally stable country with a lack of a distinct authority figure (Desai, 2003). Being a single party state China has been controlled by the Chinese Communist Party since the 5th National Congress held in 1927 (Wang, 2013). 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My Commitment To Conserving The Environment, Setting Goals,

My commitment to conserving the environment, setting goals, running cross country and track, starting a ping pong club, and volunteering in my local community demonstrates the qualities the LSU College of Engineering strives to prepare in its students. I look forward to further developing those characteristics during my time there. Hands-on problem solving is a routine part of my life because I conserve natural resources, landfill space, and energy by reducing, reusing, and recycling. My family grows fruits and vegetables in our garden, and I supplement the soil by composting plant materials, thereby reducing the amount of waste sent to the landfill. I drink from a reusable stainless steel bottle instead of plastic bottles. I try to†¦show more content†¦At first, I did not even know how to count the rhythm, which switched time signatures every few measures. After spending hours counting it and practicing it slowly, I began to get a feel for the music. 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Impact of Water Disposal on the Ecosystem and Humans Free Sample

Question: What Impacts of Water Disposal does have on the Ecosystem and humans? Answer: The disposal of wastes affects the environment in various ways. Depending on the type of waste, the impact can either be life threatening to the organisms within the disposal site or have no significant effect. Wastes that can decompose, such as the domestic wastes, may release unpleasant odor after some time due to the formation and release of gasses such as methane (Li, Park, Zhu, 2011). As a result, people will avoid accessing such places. In addition, methane is a greenhouse gas meaning that if the disposal of such wastes occur in large proportions it can contribute to global warming. Disposal through incineration may also have an adverse effect on the surrounding organisms. Burning plastic, for example, releases toxic substances such as dioxins (Daniel, 2012). Moreover, the gasses released due to incineration can pollute the air. Hence, inhaling the gasses can cause lung damage especially if the exposure to the air happens for a long time or if the waste being burned contain harmful substances. The ash from incinerators at times contain heavy metals or even toxic particles that may be difficult to notice. It is hence important to take care when near such disposal facilities. Chemicals from disposed of wastes can also find their way to nearby water bodies. When such a thing happens, the chemical composition of the affected rivers or lakes will change. As a result, the ecosystems like fish habitats in the water will be affected. This may lead to the death of the organisms or those that lie above them in the food chain. Consumption of, for example, fish affected by mercury intoxication may affect people or organisms that eat them. Drinking of water from sources that contain chemicals that have been washed from dumping sites or landfills can also damage the health of people or animals that consume the water. Waste disposal, if not proper can also lead to the spread of diseases. Vermin may be attracted to the disposal sites, and if infected can spread their diseases to other animals or human beings that may go to such areas (Guerrero, Maas, Hogland, 2013). Moreover, wastes such as those from hospitals can lead to infection if not properly disposed of. This is because they may still contain microscopic pathogens. Describe the causes of the topic Wastes disposal is done because of the need to prevent the destruction of the environment due to the accumulation of unnecessary products. Hospitals, for example, need to take the used syringes, cotton swabs or plastics with tissue samples away from the locations of the facilities so that the areas remain clean, thereby minimizing further infections (Chartier,2014). In addition, the wastes from households which include solid wastes from sewers are disposed to avoid making such places unattractive for human settlement. Industrial wastes are disposed of so as to minimize the chances of intoxication. Some of the compounds that result from the manufacturing processes may be harmful to those who work within the plants hence the need to get rid of them (El Haggar, 2010). If this is not done, there are chances that the wastes may interfere with the production process or that manufacturing will stall. Hence, industrial wastes such as silver foils, mercury, and radioactive wastes need to be kept away from those who work within the plants. The cause for electronic wastes disposal is majorly the need to create space for better versions. The rapid pace with which technological changes take place in the developed countries makes a lot of electronic products obsolete within a short period. As a result, they have to be replaced lest they fail to serve those who purchase them as they would want. These wastes , most of the time come from people's homes , or at times from the electronic manufacturing plants (Robinson, 2009). Cathode ray tube monitors, computer motherboards and plastic covers are examples of electronics wastes that may pollute the environment. Waste can also be disposed of for the purpose of prevention of human injury. The non-biodegradable wastes such as glasses from industries or households need to be kept away from those who work or live in these places. Moreover, wastes from nuclear power plants are capable of causing cellular damage hence the need to dispose them before the exposure happens for a long time (Pires, Martinho, Chang, 2011). Some wastes, especially the biodegradable refuse from homes are gotten rid of so as to prevent infecting people when they start to decompose. The wastes from hospitals such as syringes, or needles also can cause injury hence they are disposed after use or in the case of expiry. References Daniel, D. E. (Ed.). (2012).Geotechnical practice for waste disposal. Springer Science Business Media. El Haggar, S. (2010).Sustainable industrial design and waste management: cradle-to-cradle for sustainable development. Academic Press. Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), 220-232. Li, Y., Park, S. Y., Zhu, J. (2011). Solid-state anaerobic digestion for methane production from organic waste.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,15(1), 821-826. Pires, A., Martinho, G., Chang, N. B. (2011). Solid waste management in European countries: A review of systems analysis techniques.Journal of environmental management,92(4), 1033-1050. Robinson, B. H. (2009). E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts.Science of the total environment,408(2), 183-191.

Basic Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning free essay sample

When entering a market, an organisation needs to identify its customers and what its customer needs are. A business can’t go into a market with a product and expect to sell it, because the demand for the product may not be there. It is important for the business to plan thoroughly before entering a market and understand the diverse nature of a market. For example, a market may have large range of consumers who have different tastes, preference and needs. So this is where the concept of segmentation will be applied. Segmentation is defined as ‘the identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy’. To break this down, an organisation will need to group together the consumers that share the same traits in order to serve them properly. A company is bound to fail if it has created a marketing mix which serves one customer, but does not serve another. By creating sub markets or market segments, a marketing mix can be created to suit the needs of each segment which will create satisfied customers. Once a company has successfully segmented a market, it can then provide products or services that will satisfy customers in a specific segment. If a company does not have a product or service to satisfy a sub market, then it is in the company’s interest to develop a product or service that will satisfy that part of the market. This is because one of the main reasons for segmentation is maximising profits. Segmentation is a way to match consumer needs, which in turn can enhance profitability. When a segment hasn’t been supplied with goods or services, this is seen as an opportunity to enhance profits. You may segment consumers into three main groups, Behavioural, psychographic and profile variables, each group has its own sub categories. Marketers use these as a basis to segment their potential markets, for example the behavioural segment has the following sub groups: * Benefit sought * Purchase occasion * Purchase behaviour * Usage * Perceptions and beliefs Psychographic has the following sub groups * Lifestyle * Personality Profile variables has the following sub groups * Demographic * Socio-economic * Geographic There is no definite way to segment a market, but these following sub groups can be used together to segment a market. For example you could combine lifestyle with geographic or purchase behaviour, personality and socio-economic to segment your market. Lucozade developed a sports brand ‘Lucozade sport’ in 1990 and from there the brand has divided into sub brands to suit the needs of different consumers. Lucozade sport was developed as an enegery drink to replenish lost energy and rehydrate before, during and after sport. Lucozade then went on to create another brand extension ‘Lucozade Hydro Active’ which was also developed as a sub brand which is a fitness water that contains essential salts, selected vitamins and has a light fruit flavour to encourage consumption during exercise. Lucozade Sport Nutrition was another sub brand that included the Lucozade Sports Bar and Carbo Energy Gel products, which have been formulated to deliver an optimum diet for athletes in a convenient, portable format. You can see how the original brand has branched off into sub brands or brand extensions. For these brand extensions to be effective, Lucozade needed to understand and apply market segmentation. The marketing mix was also an essential key to the success of these products as the mix is a tool to implement strategy. You can see how Lucozade implemented their marketing strategy using the marketing mix. For example, the company would have needed to make a choice on what product top offer, known as a product decision. Once a market has been segmented, it is easier for a company to make a decision on which product they would like to provide their customers. In Lucozades case, it was a choice to develop a new sports brand and further extend that brand as their find gaps in other segments of the market. Target marketing An important part of marketing is selecting the market you want to enter to provide your products or services. So once you have successfully used market segmentation to divide your market into reasonable consumer segments, you then need to use targeting to choose the market you are going to serve. Choosing a market to serve is an extremely important decision a business will need to make, because a bad decision at this stage could result in failure. To help make the right decision, a company should use criteria to evaluate a market, for example: * Effective * Measurable * Accessible * Actionable * Profitable (foot note) Another method of evolution would be the SMART objectives method: * Specific * Measurable * Achievable * Realistic * Time scaled Either way, an organisation should evaluate their potential market before entering them. There have been cases where businesses have entered markets and failed, because they did not evaluate effectively. In 2003, Burger King introduced a new line of chicken sandwiches aimed at appealing to a more health-conscious demographic (the BK Baguette Sandwiches). The product never caught on in the U. S. and was quickly replaced with the TenderGrill Sandwich’. It’s evident that of a failing product and more importantly evidence of poor marketing strategy. If burger king used targeting properly, the product may have been more successful in a different location with different consumer s. This example seems show evidence of undifferentiated marking, which is one marketing mix for the whole market. Burger King should have spent more time on research to identify where those consumers were and target them with their new product. In some markets undifferentiated marketing works, these are usually mass markets, but for new product lines such as burger kings new sandwich, differentiated marketing should be used. When Mc Donalds entered the Indian market, they realised a large percentage of the population were vegetarian due to culture differences. Mc Donalds developed a vegetarian product range that suited this market, so this is seen as differentiated marketing. Differentiated marketing is a marketing mix that is developed for each segment of a market. A company would need to have the capability to manufacture a range of products to serve each segment, as this strategy tends to create multiple segments each with different preferences. Mc Donalds has the capability to manufacture the new vegetarian range, through the use of local suppliers and their large distribution networks. Comparing Burger Kings failure and Mc Donalds success indicates where Burger King went wrong. Burger King dropped the product and did not try to investigate other markets to see if there were any opportunities. Part of the segmentation process is to identify opportunities to enhance profits, so looking for another market to enter could have been an option as Burger King is global. The promotion part of the marketing mix would have been the key role to the success of Burger Kings new product. When launching new product, the target audience needs to be aware the products exists. Advertising would have been the most important task for Burger King when launching this new product. Firms can use another form of targeting known as focused marketing, where a firm would focus on a niche market. Effectively a firm would identify market egments, evaluate each segment, then decide on which one would be most profitable or sustainable. One marketing mix is used for each segment, so this allows an organisation to focus their entire resources on that one segment of a market. This is often more efficient for small to medium sized businesses as they do not have the capacity to serve mass markets. Positioning Another part of the marketing management process is positioning. This is defined as ‘A  marketing strategy  that  aims  to make a brand occupy a distinct  position, relative to  competing  brands, in the mind of the  customer. Firms tend to use this strategy to distinguish themselves between other brands in the mind of a consumer. Consumers often try to compare brands to see which one has the most benefits or added value. So it’s important for a company to use positioning to make sure their brand becomes the choice of a consumer. â€Å"The easiest way to get into someone’s mind is to be first, nobody remembers second†. Southwest Airlines used positioning very well, turning a disadvantage into an advantage. This company did not offer reserved seating on their flights, so it would be a free for all situation when boarding their planes. Using the promotion part of the marketing mix, they created an ad which switched the perception of their position. So Bill switched to Southwest Airlines. Now Bill sits where Bill wants. Freedom to choose on Southwest Airlines.   Ã‚  This was a very innovative way to position a service less advantageous compared to competitors. So through positioning and promotion southwest airlines turned a disadvantage into a benefit. The advert tried to change the perception of customers to make it seem like a good thing to pick your seats when you board a plane. A company that is really successful at position is ‘Hotel Chocolat’. Operating in the confectionary industry, Hotel Chocolat is a niche business. You can often find niche firms operating at the higher end of a market providing luxury goods. The chocolate industry is a highly competitive industry, but Hotel Chocolat has still been successful by segmenting the marketing, developing products that suit each segment and then positioning itself as a luxury brand. Through the use of profile variables Hotel Chocolat divided their market,the following list is one example of how the company segmented the market: * Gifts for him * Gifts for her * Teachers * Children * Diabetics Vegans * Vegetarians So there a products developed to suit the needs of consumers from each segment. This a really innovative niche within the confectionary industry and it shows how his business used the product part of the marketing mix. The company is able to answer question like, what does the customer want from the product? What needs does it satisfy? What features does it have to me et these needs? These are all important question when developing products for each segment. Through use of positioning Hotel Chocolat is able to be distinguished as a luxury brand, but part of this is to do with pricing. The businesses prices for products a significantly higher than competitive brands. You can buy a 250g tub of hot chocolate powder from Hotel Chocolat for ? 10. 00, compared to ? 2. 99 for a 500g tub of Cadburys hot chocolate powder. So you can see how the prices are reflecting the quality of each product. Hotel Chocolat is a successful business too, as it has new shops opening at the rate of more than ten a year in the UK where there are now 61 with two franchises in the Channel Islands. So the price determines the quality of the brand and the brand is based around good quality products. Another part of the marketing mix adds to the success of Hotel Chocolat, place. There are only 61 stores, the location of these stores are on busy high streets and shopping malls. By having stores in the Channel islands shows that Hotel Chocolat really think about where they have their store as jersey is a wealthy island with GDP of ? 1 billion in 2008, with a population of around 100,000. So consumers general have more money available to spend on luxury goods. Overall Hotel Chocolat have successfully implemented a marketing strategy that works within the confectionary industry. Through the use of segmentation, targeting and positioning the company has been about to satisfy consumers and increase profitability. Segmentation is a process a business should if they would like to identify their consumers as it divides the market into segments, which in turn allow you to serve segments that suit your business activity. Targeting is strategy which a business should use to decide which segments they want to serve. When targeting a business should thoroughly evaluate each segment to make sure they choose the right segment. Positioning is important when marketing a product or service as it means the difference between a customer buying your product over a competitors. For this to be successful the use of perceived value and branding should support the process. Word count: 2086 References Jobber and Fahy – Foundations of Marketing (Chapter 5 – Page 109) Irish Times. (2006). Marketing communications fuelling performance. Available: http://www. business2000. ie/pdf/pdf_10/glaxosmithkline_10th_ed. pdf. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Daily Meal. (20/05/12). Failed products of major brands. Available: http://www. oxnews. com/leisure/2012/05/20/failed-products-major-brands/#ixzz22y8z9FQE. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Chris Horton. (04/05/2012). Positioning Case Study: How Nokia Fell From Number 1 Read more at Available: http://www. business2community. com/mobile-apps/market-positioning-case-study-how-nokia-fell-from-number-1-0173782#x2lZvbK3uwT6v9dJ. 99. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Al Ries and Jack Trout à ¢â‚¬â€œ Book  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (1981) Ivan Levison. (January 2009). A Product Positioning Case Study: Southwest Airlines Is Sitting Pretty. Available: http://www. directmarketingiq. om/article/a-product-positioning-case-study-southwest-airlines-is-sitting-pretty-112/1 Last accessed 16/08/2012. David White. (10/06/12). Sweet success. Available: http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2156359/Interview-Hotel-Chocolat-founder-Angus-Thirlwell. html#ixzz23SMednqX. Last accessed 16/08/2012. [ 1 ]. Jobber and Fahy – Foundations of Marketing (Chapter 5 – Page 109) [ 2 ]. http://www. business2000. ie/pdf/pdf_10/glaxosmithkline_10th_ed. pdf [ 3 ]. http://www. foxnews. com/leisure/2012/05/20/failed-products-major-brands/#ixzz22y8z9FQE [ 4 ]. ttp://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/positioning. html#ixzz233N03x00 [ 5 ]. (1981 book  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind, Al Ries and Jack Trout) http://www. business2community. com/mobile -apps/market-positioning-case-study-how-nokia-fell-from-number-1-0173782#x2lZvbK3uwT6v9dJ. 99 [ 6 ]. http://www. directmarketingiq. com/article/a-product-positioning-case-study-southwest-airlines-is-sitting-pretty-112/1 [ 7 ]. http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2156359/Interview-Hotel-Chocolat-founder-Angus-Thirlwell. html#ixzz23SMednqX

How Far Did the Post 1945 Welfare State Eliminate Beveridge’s ‘Five Giants’ free essay sample

The coalition continued until the end of World War Two (1939-1945). After the war had ended the British electorate had a shift in attitude and in an effort to secure a better and brighter future the people voted for a Labour government in the 1945 elections in a spirit of optimism and hope for change . The post-war Labour government subsequently created a welfare state, which, although it had existed in the 1930’s, was still a welcome innovation. Asa Briggs, the late Professor of History at the University of Sussex, defined the welfare state as; ‘a state in which organised power is deliberately used in an effort to modify the play of market forces in at least three directions – first, by guaranteeing individuals and families a minimum income irrespective of the market value of their work or property; second, by narrowing the extent of insecurity by enabling individuals and families to meet certain social contingencies which lead otherwise to individual and family crises; and third, by ensuring that all citizens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standards available in relation to a certain agreed range of social services. We will write a custom essay sample on How Far Did the Post 1945 Welfare State Eliminate Beveridge’s ‘Five Giants’? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ’ The welfare state was a response to citizens’ needs and a desire for a radical break from the past and it became institutionalised as a primary concern of the government, post 1945. The government introduced and developed major social policies formed on the basis of the Beveridge Report (December 1942) which was created by the economist, Sir William Beveridge (1869-1963). The report – initially named the Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services – recommended a social insurance scheme based on contributory principles. There was also plans to eliminate what he called the â€Å"five giant evils† in Britain; ignorance, want, disease, squalor and idleness . This essay will examine how the measures adopted by the Labour governments of 1945 to 1951 dealt with these five social problems and to what extent they eliminated them. The first of Beveridge’s ‘five giants’ is ‘want’; this refers to the poverty in Britain at the end of the war. Many families were cast into abject poverty before the end of the war due to high levels of unemployment and as a result of this, the economist John Maynard Keynes said employment should be a high priority of the government . In 1946, influenced by Beveridge’s ideas, the Labour government introduced the Social Insurance Act (later changed to the National Insurance Act). It meant that people would receive benefits during times of earnings interruption after having made contributions from their salaries before they became sick or unemployed. This was therefore an incentive for people to secure employment so that they could pay a weekly flat rate contribution which would allow them to receive insurance if they were out of work. Labour had a commitment to the principle of universalism in service provision and they wanted a future substantially free of the selectivism of the Conservatives. Their principle of universality was the only way to ensure that the best quality services could be made available to all who needed them. Keynes stated that this was a new approach to economic policy and that the more people that were employed, the more National Insurance contributions would be received providing more money to pay for other things. As the system was based on contribution it could not be presented as an unearned handout. The government also wanted to safeguard the interests of citizens who were not covered by National Insurance and in 1948 the National Assistance Act was passed to help people whose resources were insufficient to meet their needs. A retirement pension was also set up with Beveridge’s intention of it being introduced at a gradual rate over a period of twenty years; yet the Labour government introduced pensions at the full rate which took up to two thirds of social security expenditures. The welfare state did, therefore, eliminate poverty to a certain extent as the creation of an insurance scheme for workers provided them with a financial safety net. However, one problem with the welfare state’s aim to tackle ‘want’ was that the Assistance Act did not provide enough benefits for people who were unable to work, meaning some people were still living below the subsistence level, contradicting the government’s declarations of universality. Elizabeth Wilson, a feminist writer, also stated that ‘women, housewives, mothers and workers were subject to the welfare state’s sexist ideology’ and accused Beveridge of only making his report beneficial to the typical role of the man as breadwinner. For these reasons, Rodney Lowe deemed the Beveridge report was ‘conservative, illogical and ultimately impractical’. Another of Beveridge’s giants, ‘idleness’, refers to the high level of unemployment in Britain before the end of the war. The Labour government was successful in its elimination of ‘idleness’ and its commitment to maintain high levels of employment after the war, having reduced unemployment to 2. 5% by 1946 despite huge post-war problems such as shortages of materials and massive war debts. Following the ideas of Keynes, the government took over industries such as iron and steel manufacture so that they could keep the industry afloat using money derived from National Insurance in times of economic crisis. ‘Ignorance’, the third giant, refers to the education system in post 1945 Britain. In 1944 the Education Act (Butler Act) was passed by the war-time coalition government although it was actually put into practice in 1945 by the Labour government. The changes enforced by the Butler Act included raising the school leaving age from 14 to 15, introducing a tripartite system, the abolition of fees for secondary education and the provision of free milk which improved the health of school children.. Ellen Wilkinson, the Labour Minister for Education from 1945-47, was responsible for introducing these policies in an aim ‘to remove from education those class divisions of democracy’. Again, the government followed their principle of universality, insisting that every child was equal by introducing three types of secondary schools: grammar, secondary moderns and technical schools. The idea was that the grammar schools were for academic pupils, whereas secondary moderns were designed for non-academic pupils and technical schools for pupils with manual skills. Each child would be able to excel at what they did best, whilst the government gave them equal opportunities. This was a radical and progressive idea at the time, but there was no clear elimination of the giant ‘ignorance’, because it was still apparent that a hierarchy continued to exist in the educational system. The Times Education supplement praised grammar school children as an ‘indispensable kind of citizen’ which echoed society’s opinions that grammar schools were superior. More money was spent on them than the secondary moderns, which were very few and insufficiently funded. After the 1944 Butler Act only 10% of secondary moderns were purpose built by 1960. Technical schools were also said to be ‘education for life in a wider sense’ but they too were unpopular and rarely seen. The aims of the act were unsuccessful in that there was no increase in places at grammar schools to accommodate working class children who may have been sufficiently academic to attend them. In addition, private schools still remained; contradicting the Butler Act R. H Tawney damned them calling them a ‘massive pillar of indefensible disparities of income and opportunity’. It was clear by 1950 that the elimination of ‘ignorance’ had not been wholly successful with statistics showing that 60% of professionals’ children went to grammar schools compared to the 10% of working class children. The fourth of Beveridge’s giants is ‘disease’, which is a reference to the health system post 1945. The National Health System, created by the Labour government in 1948, was a free health scheme funded by taxation. Aneurin Bevan, Health and Housing Minister, set up and shaped the NHS marking a radical change from the medical services available before the war, which saw the poor receiving second class medical care from panel doctors and the rich benefitting from superior private services. Bevan wanted central control of the NHS hospitals with 14 regional health boards; he said that the only way to run a national service with universal standards was to run it from the centre of the country. However, Herbert Morrison a fellow Labour party member argued that the health services should be locally administered as it would provide local authorities with schools of political education. Bevan disagreed as he feared that rich areas would develop better services leaving poorer areas to receive inferior ones. In December 1948, it was clear that the government had over budgeted and overestimated the supply and demand resulting in cuts from ? 176 million to just ? 50 million. Employees’ salaries had proved expensive, but the Guillebaud report which had been nominated an ‘impressive document’ , dispelled the myth that health spending had been extravagant. However there were problems with the NHS system. One of these being that private practices still flourished which meant a hierarchy in healthcare for British citizens remained in place. The NHS also proved very expensive and consumed the majority of taxpayer’s money and it was clear that old and out of date hospitals were expensive to run or rebuild. Another problem was that the free treatment policy was undermined when eye and dental treatment charges were introduced in 1952, contradicting the whole concept of the NHS. However, the NHS did pay a huge part in the evolution of the welfare state. Although it had its problems it did eliminate disease in Britain on a huge scale, and is considered today to be one of the greatest historic achievements of any Labour government. The last of the giants is ‘squalor’. Lack of housing was a major problem faced by the Labour government at the end of the war as much housing had been destroyed or damaged during the German bombing campaign. Beveridge considered poor housing to be one of the major factors in explaining poverty and lack of hope and opportunity in Britain. He repeated his call in 1944 when he said: The greatest opportunity open in this country for raising the general standard of living lies in housing. One of the solutions to the housing shortage was for the government to build pre-fabricated homes. These were mass-produced, fully fitted houses that could be sent anywhere in the country. By 1948, under the guidance of Aneurin Bevan, 125,000 had been assembled and distributed as demand for these homes was great due to the ‘baby boom’. In 1946, the New Towns Act played an important part in the planned rebuilding of Britain. The act tried to address the problem of overcrowding in cities. The logic of new towns was to build entirely new towns closer to an existing city so that the over-spill population from that city could relocate to the new town. To start with eight new towns were built around London and green belts were also created around the cities and new towns to protect rural settings and to restrict any unplanned growth of the new towns . The problem with the housing situation post 1945 was that Bevan focused more on the quality of the houses he was having built instead of the quantity which was more important, so there was still an evident shortage. It is clear to see that the Beveridge Report was very influential in the shaping of the Labour Government from 1945-51 and it was very popular with the people. It proved to be very successful in many ways by eliminating want, idleness, ignorance, disease and squalor up to a point. However, there were also problems with the solutions the Labour government put into practice. The principle of universality which is the key factor of the Beveridge Report was not followed, as the government still allowed a privileged hierarchy to exist in schools and healthcare, (allowing private sectors to continue practicing) contradicting what they had been striving for – a country where everyone has equal opportunities. The housing situation, although slightly improved, was also unsuccessful in that the government failed to provide it in sufficient quantity to eliminate the need causing the problem to remain partially unresolved. Overall the welfare state was proved to be the greatest achievement of the Labour government with many of the social laws they introduced continuing to operate to this day. Even allowing for the flaws these new laws gave hope to the British citizens after the war and went a long way in eliminating Beveridge’s ‘giants’. Bibliography Briggs, Asa, The Welfare State in Historical Perspective (Bobbs Merrill 1961) Braman, Chuck, Theories of John Maynard Keynes, http://www. chuckbraman. com/Writing/WritingFilesPhilosophy/keynes. htm [cited 10th November 2010] Cooper, Steven, The Health Benefits: Vol 636-639 (Policy Studies Institute, 1985) Deakin, Nicholas, Britain’s way to social security, Vol 5.

Italian Women Artists essays

Italian Women Artists essays Prior to the fifteenth century, very few works of art were signed and virtually no information on their artists, male or female, was recorded. However, beginning in the early Renaissance, the identities of artists and their stories begin to be preserved. Any study of the art of this period will undoubtedly include the study of the lives and works of the great masters such as Raphael, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci, but rarely is there any mention of their female contemporaries. While these men were unquestionably some of the greatest artists who ever lived, no study could be complete without an examination of the lives and influence of women during this period. Fourteenth Century Italy was the first area to show a shift in culture from the feudal system of the Middle Ages to an urban economy based on commerce and the accumulation of wealth. This new cultural system was very conducive to the development of wide spread interest in the fine arts. While this increasing interest in the arts and the development of capitalism opened many new possibilities for Renaissance men, it often left women with less power than they had had under the feudal system (Kelly-Gadol, 1974). Beginning in the Middle Ages and continuing through the seventeenth century, artists were usually taught their crafts through apprenticeships. However, it was not proper for women to travel or be trained outside of the home, therefore most women were unable to pursue formal artistic training. The only way for an early Renaissance woman to receive artistic training was for her to join a nunnery. This gave unmarried women the opportunity to escape the male-dominated society and allowed them to learn and practice their art. Thus, the few women artists whose names are known from the fifteenth century were nuns such as Caterina dei Vigri (1413-1463) (St. Catherine of Bologna). Unfortunately, by the end of the fifteenth century, due to the Counter-Reformation,...

United States police vs Brazilian police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United States police vs Brazilian police - Essay Example In both the US and Brazil, police are tasked with arresting, searching, and detaining lawbreakers (U.S. Department of State). There exist different policing branches to ensure that such tasks are completed passably. This paper explores policing in Brazil and the United states, the differences between the two, how policing affects the country, and the different policing branches in both countries. There are diverse distinguishable differences that exist between policing in the United States and Brazilian police. The difference in policing all depends on the training and culture adopted by the police departments. The United States leans more on ethical policing (U.S. Department of State), as compared to Brazil that has a more barbarous system. Brazilian police are termed as being trigger-happy and appallingly violent, and this is mostly because of revenge missions against mobs that may have assassinated members of their workforce. According to Wells, â€Å"in the United States, with a population 60 percent larger than Brazil and more firearms in circulation, 410 civilians were killed during the same year. It compared the number of Brazilians killed to the 89 police killed while on duty during the same period -- the equivalent of 21 civilians dying for every police officer during the course of the year†. Although police brutality is reported in both countries, it is more rampant in Brazil as compared to America (Wells). The Brazilian policing system has been forced into this kind of callousness because of â€Å"high levels of violent crime, broken judicial institutions and a lack of funding and training† (Wells). The US policing is better than Brazil’s because of advanced training, better funding, adeptness in the legal system, and generally lower levels of vicious wrongdoings. Both the Brazilian military police and several departments of the US police have utilized a radio communications system to manage police communications effectively, a factor that has

The economic growth of the UK has varied over the 10 years between Essay

The economic growth of the UK has varied over the 10 years between 2004 and 2014 - Essay Example Despite the fact that there was great fluctuation in United Kingdom economic growth there were great improvements in UK economic growth rates between 2004 and 2014. This is because the UK government was able to put in place policies that promote trade and investments. That policy helps to prevent corruption and fraudulent acts that pulls down an economy. Economic growth has numerous benefits which include; it helps to improve consumers and investors confidence. It creates employment opportunities and improves standards of living among the citizens. Moreover, it helps to improve reduce government borrowings (Nafziger and Nafziger, 2005) The above graph indicates the trend patterns of UK GDP growth rates from 2004 to 2014. It can be scrutinized that the GDP growth rate was fluctuating from 2004 to 2014. The United Kingdom GDP growth rate was substantially higher between 2004 and 2006. However, between 2008 and 2009,there was a sharp in economic growth declined at a rate below negative 2 percent and then started rising in the year 2010 and partially 2012 before it starts fluctuating from 2012 to 2014. It can be observed that increase in consumers’ confidence and market conditions tend to be presented by the three phases of economic growth namely; recovery, Booms and Peak as indicated. At peak, the UK economy has reached the maximum point of growth and hence, the consumer confidence starts falling whereby consumer starts to reduce their buying patterns making the GDP to decline causing recession. The UK economy starts to recover at recovery point as consumer’s confidence increase. The UK economy continue s to improve at a faster rate at recovery making the economy to undergo expansion (Boom) phase. At a level the levels of unemployment declines and economy improve significantly, as consumers confidence improves (McKinnon, 2007). ` The fluctuation in the United Kingdom GDP growth

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Students should go to colleges better than universities from the beginning - Essay Example One of the problems is that most of these students study for the sake of passing their examinations (Fernando, 50). As a result, most of them finish campus with no adequate knowledge required by the employers. This makes most of them jobless for a long time, which is problematic for the generation of these productive individuals. The reason is some individuals may not have gotten the required grade to join their desired course (Nitza, 135). Thus, the university admits the individual for a much lower course than the one the individual yearned for. They will only study for that course for the sake of getting a degree. This is unlike in joining college first since the individual can get the required marks in college and then join university to pursue their desired courses. Most of these individuals joining university are fresh from high school where their parents monitor their every move (Chin, 18). However, with university, most of them even move out to live in campus premises. The joy of being able to live away from the parents finally is a relief for most of them who tend to put it in their heads. They become party animals in campus to an extent of forgetting their studies. There are even cases of students caught cheating during exams due to failure of adequate preparation. It is important for such students to realize that despite how long it takes, it is important to join university for the right reasons- working hard to get a well-paying job in future. This brings us to the next

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift | Analysis of Satire

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift | Analysis of Satire Abstract: this thesis provides a possible insight into Gullivers Travels by analyzing Jonathan Swifts satires rather than reading it as a childrens book. Swiftian satires about humanity in the four books are to the fullest. The whole novel is like a mirror by which human flaws are reflected. It probably would long have been forgotten if the book did not carry critical thinking about humanity. An analysis of Satires in Gullivers Travels I. Introduction 1.1 About Jonathan Swift As the greatest satirist in the English language, Jonathan Swift was both admired and feared in his own time for the power of his writing and hugely influential on writers who followed him. At the age of fourteen, Swift entered Trinity College in Dublin University, where he stayed for seven years. After graduation in 1688, he went to England to work as a secretary and personal assistance for Sir William Temple. In 1694, he was ordained as a priest in the church of Ireland (Anglican Church) and assigned as vicar (parish priest) of Kilroot, a chruch near Belfast (in Northern Ireland). In 1692, Swift received a M.A. from Oxford. He returned to working with Temple in1696. Meanwhile, he continued working on satires which deal with political and religious corruptions surrounding him. A tale of a Tub and A Battle of the Books are two of them composed during this time. He also wrote lots of political pamphlets for the Whig party. When Temple died in 1699, he returned to Ireland, becoming Chaplain to lord Berkley. In 1702, he received a D.D. (Doctor of Divinity) from Dublin University. After a few conflicts with the Whig party, he joined the more conservative Tory party in 1710. Unfortunately for Swift, the Tory government fell out of power in 1714. Before the fall of Troy government, Swift hoped his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, the best position he was rewarded was the Deanery of St. Partricks, Dublin. Again, he returned to Ireland. During his stay in Dublin, some memorable works were composed: Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), Drapiers Letters (1724), A Modest Proposal (1729). His works e arned him status of a patriot. Also during the same period, he began to write the masterpiece Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, better known as Gullivers Travels. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. Fist published in November 1726, it was an immediate sensation. A total of four printings were arranged from Nov. 1726 to early 1727. 1.2 About Gullivers Travels Gullivers Travels is regarded as Swifts masterpiece. It is a novel in four parts recounting Gullivers four voyages to fictional exotic lands. His travels is first among diminutive peoplethe Lilliputians, then among enormous giantspeople of Brobdingnag, then among idealists and dreamers and finally among horses. Each book has a different theme, but their common trait is to deflate human nature. Gulliver had a shipwreck and boarded a rowboat with six other crewmen to escape. Soon the rowboat capsized. Gulliver managed to swim on shore. He fell into sleep. When he woke up he found himself bound by numerous tiny threads. Some diminutive people marched on his body. Some other people armed with bows and arrows stand by around him. They are ready to deal Gulliver with violence if he attacks. Overall, they are hospitable. Gulliver eats more than one thousand Lilliputians combine could and they feed him despite the risk of famine. He is presented to the emperor and is satisfied by the attention of the royalty. Eventually, Lilliputians take advantage of Gullivers strength and hugeness to fight against people of Blefuscu. The two factions oppose each other in that they have difference ways to crack eggs. But things change when Gulliver is convicted of treason for urinating on the palace to save the emperors wife from a fire. He is condemned to be shot in the eyes and starved to death . Gulliver escapes to Blefuscu, where he finds and repairs a broken boat and sets sail for England. After staying in England with his family for two months, he sets sail again. The voyage takes him to a land of giants Brobdingnag. A field worker finds him and takes him home. Initially, the field worker treats him as a pet. Eventually, he sells Gulliver to the queen who makes him a courtly diversion and is entertained by his musical talents. Gullivers life at this point is easier but still is not enjoyable. He is often repulsed by the physicality of the Brobdingnagians, whose ordinary flaws are many times magnified by their huge size. He is disgusted by their skin pores. He is often frightened by the animals that endanger his life. There is once when he wakes up on the bed of the farmers wife and is attacked by two rats. Even Brobdingnagian insects leave slimy trails on his food that makes eating unpleasant. On a trip to the frontier, the cage Gulliver is in plucked up by an eagle and dropped into the sea. He successfully leaves Brobdingnag. Gulliver undertakes next voyage after staying at home in England for only ten days. The ship undergone attacks by pirates and Gulliver ends up in Laputa. The floating island is inhabited by theoreticians and academics governing the land below, called Balnibarbi. The scientific research carried out in Laputa and in Balnibarbi seems completely useless and impractical, and its residents too appear totally out of touch with reality. Taking a trip to Glubbdubdrib, Gulliver is able to witness the conjuring up of figures from history, such as Julius Caesar and other military leaders. After visiting the Luggnaggians and the Struldbrugs, the latter of which are senile immortals who prove that age does not bring wisdom, he is able to sail to Japan and from there back to England. Gulliver stays for five months in England but then leaves his pregnant wife to set sail as a captain. Many of his crewmen die of illness, so he recruit more along the way. His crewmembers mutiny under the influence of the new sailors to become pirates. They lock him in a cabin. After a long confinement, he arrives in an unknown land. The rational-thinking horses, Houyhnhnms and humanlike creatures, Yahoos live in the land. The brutish Yahoos serve the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver again endeavours to learn their language to narrate his adventures to them and explain things in England. He is treated with great courtesy and kindness by the horses and is enlightened by their noble culture and rational thinking. For the first time in his voyages, he does not yearn for leave to come back to humankind. He wants to stay with the Houyhnhnms, but his bared body reveals to the horses that he is very much like a Yahoo. Therefore, he is banished. He is very reluctant to leave but agrees. He builds a cano e and makes his way to a nearby island. He first decides to live there with the barbarians there rather than return to live with English Yahoos. He was hurt by an islander and picked up by a Portuguese ship captain who treats him hospitably. However, Gulliver cannot help deeming him and all human as Yahoolike. After returning home, Gulliver buys two horses and converses with them every day for four hours. 2. Satires in Gullivers Travels Gullivers Travels reflects conflicts in British society in the early 18th century. By narrating Gullivers adventures in Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, and Houyhnhnm, the novel reveals and criticizes sins and corruption of British ruling class and their cruel exploitation towards people of Britain and neighboring countries in the capital-accumulation period of British history. Gulliver is treated differently in different countries. The author depicts every situation at great length, which makes readers feel like experiencing them personally. The greatness of the work lies in the authors proficient application of bitting and profound satires. Swift makes satirical effects to the fullest by using techniques of irony, contrast, and symbolism. The story is based on then British social reality. He not only satirizes on then British politics and religion, but also, in a deeper facet, on human nature itself. Swifts superb rendering of satires leads Gullivers Travels to becoming a milestone l ooked up to by future literary persons in satirical literature. There are at least three types of satirical technique presented in Gullivers Travels: verbal irony, situational irony and dramatic irony. First, verbal irony means using words in an opposite way. The real implied meaning is in opposition to the literal meaning of the lines in verbal irony. In other words, it uses positive, laudatory words to describe evidently ugly and obnoxious matters in order to express the authors contempt and aversion. The book carries verbal irony from the beginning to the end of the story. Second, situational irony occurs when there are conflicts between characters and situation, or contradiction between readers expectation and actual outcomes of an event, or deviation between personal endeavors and objective facts. In Gullivers Travels, the plot development is often the opposite of what readers expect. Third, dramatic irony is when words and actions possess a significance that the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or character does not. Swift also uses contrast as a rhetorical device to construct satirical effects. In order to reach the purpose of satire, he puts contradictory subjects together to describe and compare. There are at least three evident pairs of contrasting subjects. First is Gulliver and Lilliputians. They differ hugely in figures and in characters. The height of Gullivers body exceeds Lilliputians in the proportion of twelve to one. As to character differences, Gulliver is kind-hearted and grateful with a sense of justice, whereas Lilliputians are more cunning. They want to make full use of Gulliver in the war fought with its conflicting country: Blefuscu. He helps them against invasion from it but refuses to serve for them in their invasive territory expansion. Second, in Part II, figures of the citizens and Gullivers again form a stark contrast. In Brobdingnag, he is put in a carriage and carried to the marketplace to perform his tricks. He tries to please those giants by showing them his little c oins and perform tricks with his sword. He comes into conflict with the Queens favorite dwarf and they scheme against each other. On the other hand, the erudite King of Brobdingnag governs his country with reason, common sense, justice and mercy. The political system in Brobdingnag is very ideal and orderly, in which law guarantees freedom and welfare of the nationals. Gulliver introduces to the King Englands society and political system and embellishes the truth. He describes how great England is, how judicious the politics is and how just the law is. However, he could barely defend himself facing the Kings question. Besides, the comparison between the Kings liberal governance and rule under Englands bourgeois class reveals corruption of its politics. Third, the ruling class of the country of the Houyhnhnms are horse-like beings of reason, justice and honesty, whereas the ruled class (yahoos) are heinous, greedy and pugnacious creatures. The contrast between the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos is extreme. The horses are clean and sweet-smelling; their diet is temperate and vegetarian. Their habits constitute the temperance that the eighteenth century thought characterized reasonable man. The Yahoos, on the other hand, are human in form and feature. They are filthy and they stink. They are omnivorous but seem to prefer meat and garbage. Satire refers to a genre of literature which is often used by literary persons as a witty weapon to hold up vices, follies and shortcomings in a society to ridicule, usually with the intent of mocking individuals or society into improvement. Samuel Johnson (1709-84) defined satire as a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured. Besides the fact that few, if any, would nowadays confine satire to poetry, the rest of the definition works well enough. Satire condemns, either overtly or covertly, what it believes to be wrong, generally with a view to achieving reform. It works best when there is general agreement among its readers about what is right or normal. It may be directed against an individual, a group or humanity in general. Irony, ridicule, parody, sarcasm, exaggeration are common satirical techniques, in which the first is the most common employed one. As a major technique of satire, irony involves a difference or contrast between appearance and reality that is a discrepancy between what appears to be true and what really is true. Three kinds of irony have been recognized since antiquity. First, dramatic irony derives from classical Greek literature and from theatre. It refers to a situation in which the audience has knowledge denied to one or more of the characters on stage. In other words, dramatic irony occurs when a character states something that they believe to be true but that the reader knows is not true. The key to dramatic irony is the readers foreknowledge of coming events. Second or more reading of stories often increases dramatic irony because of knowledge that was not present in the first reading. For example, in Twelfth Night composed by Shakespeare, Malvolios hopes of a bright future d erive from a letter which the audience knows to be faked. Second, verbal irony, sometimes known as linguistic irony, occurs when people say the opposite of what they really mean. Therefore, it often carries two meanings: the explicit meaning and a often mocking meaning running counter to the first. This is probably the most common type of irony. Third, Socratic irony takes its name from the ancient Greek writer Socrates, who often in his philosophic dialogues asks apparently foolish questions which actually move the debate in the direction he wants. Nowadays, two further conceptions have been added: structural irony and romantic irony. The first one is built into texts in such a way that both the surface meaning and deeper implications are present more or less throughout. One of the most common ways of achieving structural irony is through the use of a narrator, whose simple and straightforward comments are at variance with the readers interpretation. Swift applies this technique in Gullivers Travel by setting Gulliver as the narrator of the stories. In Romantic irony, writers conspire with readers to share the double vision of what is happening in the plot of a novel, film, etc.. In this form of writing, the writer sets up the world of his text, and then deliberately undermines it by reminding the reader that it is only a form of illusion. 3. An analysis of Satires in the Four Parts 3.1 Satirical targets in Part 1 Swifts satirical attacks on humanity are relatively mild in Book 1. Disgust for human in this book is not yet detectable and apparent. A series of amusing and ridiculous happenings in this part provide readers a relaxed atmosphere. For example, the part describing how Gulliver saves the palace and the emperors wife is hilarious. I had the evening before drunk plentifully of a most delicious wine, called glimigrim (the Blefuscudians call it flunec, but ours is esteemed the better sort) which is very diuretic. By the luckiest chance in the world, I had not discharged myself of any part of it. The heat I had contracted by coming very near the flames, and by labouring to quench them, made the white wine begin to operate by urine; which I voided in such a quantity, and applied so well to the proper places, that in three minutes the fire was wholly extinguished, and the rest of that noble pile, which had cost so many ages in erecting, preserved from destruction. (Swift 2007: 25) Many descriptions in Part I employs the technique of verbal irony. For instance, in Chapter III, Swift ridicules the Lilliputians arrogance and ignorance by describing how mathematicians in Lilliput measure Gullivers height by the help of a quadrant. They having taken the height of my body by the help of a quadrant, and finding it to exceed theirs in the proportion of twelve to one, they concluded from the similarity of their bodies, that mine must contain at least 1728 of theirs, and consequently would require as much food as was necessary to support that number of Lilliputians. Swift ridicules, by which the reader may conceive an idea of the ingenuity of that people, as well as the prudent and exact economy of so great a prince. He makes good use of the technique of verbal irony in this this laughable, thought-provoking and seemingly ordinary ironic narration to achieve satirical effects. In Chapter V, despite the fact that the conflict between Lilliput and Blefuscu is blatantly ri diculous, Gulliver depicts it with total seriousness. The tone with which Gulliver tells the story is serious. However, the more serious he is the more ridiculous and laughable the conflict is. This again is the employment of verbal irony. Swift expects us to understand that the history Gulliver relates parallels European history. The High-Heels and the Low-Heels correspond to the Whigs and Tories of English politics. Lilliput and Blefuscu represent England and France. The conflict between Big-Endians and Little-Endians represents the Protestant Reformation and the centuries of warfare between Catholics and Protestants. Through these representations, the author implies that the differences between Protestants and Catholics, between Whigs and Tories, and between France and England are as silly and meaningless as how a person chooses to crack an egg. The egg controversy is ridiculous because there cannot be any right or wrong way to crack an egg. Therefore, it is unreasonable to legis late how people must do it. Similarly, we may conclude that there is no right or wrong way to worship God—at least, there is no way to prove that one way is right and another way is wrong. The Big-Endians and Little-Endians both share the same religious text, but they disagree on how to interpret a passage that can be interpreted in two ways. By mentioning this incident, Swift is suggesting that the Christian Bible can be interpreted in more than one way and that it is ludicrous for people to fight over how to interpret it when no one can really be certain that one interpretation is right and the others are wrong. In these chapters, Gulliver experiences Lilliputian culture, and the great difference in size between him and the Lilliputians is emphasized by a few examples through which the authors satires of British government are explicitly expressed. For instance, government officials in Liliput are chosen by their skill at rope-dancing, which Gulliver regards as arbitrary and ludicrous. Clearly, Swift intends for us to understand this episode as a satire of Englands system of political appointment and to infer that Englands system is similarly arbitrary. The difference in size between Gulliver and the Lilliputians reflects the importance of physical power, a theme that recurs throughout the novel. Gulliver begins to gain the trust of Lilliputians over time, but it is unnecessary: Gulliver could crush them simply by walking carelessly. Despite the evidence in front of them, they never recognize their own insignificance. This is clearly the use of dramatic irony in which the reader knows the truth but the characters in the stories deny it. They keep Gulliver tied up, thinking that he is under control, while in fact he could destroy them effortlessly. In this way, Swift satirizes humanitys pretensions to power and significance. 3.2 Swiftian Satires in Part II Compared with Book I, Swifts satire is more clearly implied in the second book and attacks on political issues and humanity are more apparent. It is evident that Swift begins to express his discontent over Europe as the worlds dominant power and its practice of colonialism in this section if the historical context is considered. Swift wrote Gullivers Travels at a time when Europe was the worlds dominant power and when England was rising in power with its formidable fleet. The English founded their first colony Virginia in America in 1585 due to competition with the Spanish. Then they continued the process of colonization and expansion throughout the world. In this section, Gullivers initial adventure in Brobdingnag is not so desirable. At first, the farmer almost tramples on him. The family virtually enslaves him, making him to perform tricks to paying visitors. This enslavement emphasizes the fundamental humanity of the Brobdingnagians-just like Europeans, they are happy to make a quick buck when the opportunity arisesand also makes concrete Gullivers lowly status. Swift also plays with language in a way that both emphasizes his main satirical points about politics, ethics, and culture and makes fun of language itself. (SparkNotes Editors, 2003). In the beginning of this adventure, Gulliver uses naval jargons (sprit-sail, fore-sail, mizen, fore-sheet, downhaul) to depict the various attempts his ship makes to deal with the great storm at sea. The description is complicated and full of obscurities. One probably cannot help wondering why Swift bothered writing these difficult-to-understand words since they seems with the least importanc e to the whole story. However, it is not a waste of effort. The words are meant to be incomprehensiblethe point is to satirize the jargon used by writers of travel books and sailing accounts, which in Swifts view was often overblown and ridiculous. (SparkNotes Editors, 2003) By making Gulliver use jargon to such an extreme, Swift mocks those who would try to demonstrate their expertise through convoluted language. Mockeries like this one repeats elsewhere in the novel. Swifts main purpose is to criticize the validity of various kinds of expert knowledge that are more showy than helpful, whether legal, naval, or, as in the third voyage, scientific.(SparkNotes Editors, 2003). 3.3 Swiftian satires in Part III Swifts satires in the third book shift focus from ethic and political aspects to academic field, since most part of this section contributes to description of impractical scientific experiments and workings of certain things. For instance, descriptions Gulliver makes about the technique used to move the island are convoluted. Also, The method of assigning letters to parts of a mechanism and then describing the movement of these parts from one point to another resembles the mechanistic philosophical and scientific descriptions of Swifts time. (SparkNotes Editors, 2003). From these, Swift again successfully satirizes specialized language in academic field. Laputa is more complex than Lilliput or Brobdingnag because its strangeness is not based on differences of size but instead on the primacy of abstract theoretical concerns over concrete practical concerns in Laputan culture. However, physical power is still an important factor in Laputa. Here, power is exercised not through physical size but through technology. The government floats over the rest of the kingdom, using technology to control its subjects. The floating island represents the distance between the government and the people it governs. The king is oblivious to the real concerns of the people below. He has never even been there. The noble men and scientists of the island are also far removed from the people and their concerns. Abstract theory dominates all aspects of Laputan life, from language to architecture to geography. Swift continues his mockery of academics by describing the projects carried out in the cities below Laputa. The academy serves to create entirely useless projects while the people stare outside its walls. Each project described, such as the extraction of sunbeams from a cucumber, is not only false but also purposeless. Even if its scientific foundation were correct, it would still serve no real purpose for the people meant to gain from it. The result is a society in which science is promoted for no real reason and time is wasted as a matter of course. This again is the use of dramatic irony where the reader knows certainly that those scientific projects are a waste of time while the scientists in the story are striving for success of the experiments. 3.4 Swiftian satires in Part IV In the fourth part, disgust for human is expressed to such an extreme that readers often feel uncomfortable reading this section. Swift deflates humankind very straightforwardly by portraying the Yahoos humanlike and associating humankind with Yahoos. Gulliver tells the horse that in his country, the Yahoos are the governing creatures. Moreover, after he introduces Europe to his horse-like master, he admits that Gullivers humans have different systems of learning, law, government, and art but says that their natures are not different from those of the Yahoos. Situational irony occurs when there are conflicts between characters and situation, or contradiction between readers expectation and actual outcomes of an event, or deviation between personal endeavors and objective facts. The plot development in Gullivers Travels is often the opposite of what readers expect. For example, in this part, Gullivers crewmembers mutiny when they are near Leeward Islands and he is abandoned in an unknown landthe country of the Houyhnhnms. The Houyhnhnms are horse-like, physically strong and virtuous beings. Gulliver is regarded as likable as a yahoo by them. He tries to prove to the Houyhnhnms that he is not a Yahoo in nature although he looks like one. He talks at length about wars fought for religious reasons, Englands legal system, and his great love of his native country. However, the more he tries to cover up human flaws, the more they are known when he is questioned by the Houyhnhnms. The readers expectation may be Gullivers stay in the country of th e Houyhnhnms for his feverish passion for the Houyhnhnms. However, at last, they conclude that Gulliver is a yahoo in disguise because he has all traits a yahoo possesses and refuse his request to live there. Gulliver undergoes a stage of transform in book four, where he develops a love for the Houyhnhnms to the point that he does not want to return to humankind. He has an identity crisis although he is not aware of it. He thinks of his friends and family as Yahoolike, but forgets that he comes from English Yahoos. The Houyhnhnms think that Gulliver is some kind of Yahoo, though superior to the rest of his species. He asks them to stop using that word to refer to him, and they consent. This once again expresses disgust for human. 4. Functions of satires in Gullivers Travels 1. Stress the sense of absurdity Throughout much of Part I, Swift satirizes European practices by implicitly comparing them to outrageous Lilliputian customs. In these chapters, Swift also plays with language in a way that pokes fun at humanitys belief in its own importance. When the Lilliputians draw up an inventory of Gullivers possessions, the whole endeavor is treated as if it were a serious matter of state. The contrast between the tone of the inventory, which is given in the Lilliputians own words, and the utter triviality of the possessions that are being inventoried, serves as a mockery of people who take themselves too seriously. Similarly, the articles that Gulliver is forced to sign in order to gain his freedom are couched in formal, self-important language. But the document is nothing but a meaningless and self-contradictory piece of paper: each article emphasizes the fact that Gulliver is so powerful that, if he desires, he could violate all of the articles without much concern for his own safety. 2. reveal the snobbish nature of human culture In Gullivers adventure in Brobdingnag, many of the same issues that are brought up in the Lilliputian adventure are now brought up again, but this time Gulliver is in the exact opposite situation. Many of the jokes from Gullivers adventure in Lilliput are played in reverse: instead of worrying about trampling on the Lilliputians, Gulliver is now at risk of being trampled upon; instead of being feared and admired for his huge size, he is treated as an insignificant curiosity; instead of displaying miniature livestock in England to make money, he is put on display for money by the farmer. As a whole, the second voyage serves to emphasize the importance of size and the relativity of human culture. In the last part, Swift shifts attacks to defects in human nature represented by yahoos. His description about the country of the Houyhnhnms reveals corruption of human society and states a view that only those who live in a natural state are pure and noble. Just like Gulliver puts it, I must freely confess that the many virtues of those excellent quadrupeds placed in opposite view to human corruptions, had so far opened my eyes and enlarged my understanding, that I began to view the actions and passions of man in a very different light, and to think the honour of my own kind not worth managing. 3. make fun of expert languge Gullivers initial experiences with the Brobdingnagians are not positive. First they almost trample him, then the farmer virtually enslaves him, forcing him to perform tricks for paying spectators. Whereas in Lilliput, his size gives him almost godlike powers, allowing him to become a hero to the Lilliputian people, in Brobdingnag his different size has exactly the opposite effect. Even his small acts of heroism, like his battle against the rats, are seen by the Brobdingnagians as, at best, tricks. Swift continues to play with language in a way that both emphasizes his main satirical points about politics, ethics, and culture and makes fun of language itself. While Gulliver is still at sea, he describes in complicated naval jargon the various attempts his ship makes to deal with an oncoming storm. The rush of words is nearly incomprehensible, and it is meant to be so—the point is to satirize the jargon used by writers of travel books and sailing accounts, which in Swifts view w as often overblown and ridiculous. By taking the tendency to use jargon to an extreme and putting it in the mouth of the gullible and straightforward Gulliver, Swift makes a mockery of those who would try to demonstrate their expertise through convoluted language. Attacks like this one, which are repeated elsewhere in the novel, are part of Swifts larger mission: to criticize the validity of various kinds of expert knowledge that are more showy than helpful, whether legal, naval, or, as in the third voyage, scientific. 4. criticize excessive rationalism Gullivers third voyage is more scattered than the others, involving stops at Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan. Swift completed the account of this voyage after that of the fourth voyage was already written, and there are hints that it was assembled from notes that Swift had made for an earlier satire of abstract knowledge. Nonetheless, it plays a crucial role in the novel as a whole. Whereas the first two voyages are mostly satires of politics and ethics, the third voyage extends Swifts attack to science, learning, and abstract thought, offering a critique of excessive rationalism, or reliance on theory, during the Enlightenment. 5. Conclusion Gullivers Travels is not only rich in content, but also deep in meaning. His satires about humanity in the four books are to the fullest. Satires are both implicitly and explicitly constructed throughout the four books. Disgust for human steadily increases as the narrative proceeds. The greatness of this novel does not plainly lie in Swifitian satire. The whole novel is like a mirror by which human flaws are reflected. It probably would long have been forgotten if the book did not carry carry critical thinking about humanity.

Producing Your Own Play :: Theatre Drama Personal Narratives Acting Essays

Producing Your Own Play Recently, two friends and I structured a piece of theatre involving three characters and their journey through life. Throughout the play themes such, alcohol abuse, child abuse, drug addiction and many other themes showing the mental ability as the characters come across hard dissions during their journey through life. The play is about three characters who are faced with many temptations in which all resulting in some sort of addiction and later resulting in the character ending up in a mental hospital. The play is fast moving and perceptive entertains and thought provoking, funny yet ultimately tragic. Throughout the planning of our production we came across a few difficult disicions, one that really stands out in my mind was how to show the audience a sub-consion veiw of the characters thoughts, we wanted to really show the depth of these characters giving the veiwer the ability to understand the characters choices. To enable this we decided to use fiction in certain scenes showing an angel and a devil both giving adive to each indivdual character. We wanted to give the play a theme of 'Black Comedy' this keeping the audience more intreaged. My partners and I decided we could create our own characters, I decided that when my character first enters the play aged 9 years old I wanted to play this child to the best of my ability, I found this difficult at first for I had never played a character who was suffering with child abuse. After thinking about how I would play my character I decided that to give the veiwer a deep insite of my characters thoughts to acomplish this I tried to come across as a very insicure child, growing up with no love or affection in his life, this suggesting I would keep my voice in a quiet pitch and also while my character grows older and discovers he is a free person he still is traped with his father torment constant in his mind, this resulting in him turning into a more visiuos man with a very controversal veiw upon women this veiw growing into an addiction, growing to the ecstent wher the only pleasure was when he would kill women; '' GRABBING EVERY WOMEN IN SIGHT INTO DARK ALLYS LATE AT NIGHT'', in certain scenes we used ryme to give a stronger affect.Later on in the play my character finds himself in a mental hospital, my characters mind was no loger stable and useing very simular insicure body language like when I was a child I tried to give an affet where I was trabbed in my childhood

A Child Called It Encourage Speech Essay

Hello guys I’m Grace and I am a volunteer of this youth center, below I just to ask do you have these feelings before? Desperate, depressed, desolated. I believe these emotions will bump out in every one of your mind when you think you are in a disadvantaged situation, and sometimes you think the whole world owes you, aren’t you? But indeed, are you really that pathetic? For me, people used to say I’m a pessimism. Yet, after reading a book based on a true story of a boy, it blows my mind. And it changes my mind in way in seeing the world with cherishing and forgiveness, and now I want to share this with all of you and I hope it will change yours too. The boy who gives me such an impact is called Dave Pelzer and he is the author of the book called ‘A child called IT’. He was being abused by his mom since he was a child, starving, pain, hopeless are what he gone through, but in the end, he was being rescued. The state of California said that it may have been the worse case of child abuse in the history of state. I guess you could imagine how tough the life was for Dave. However, despite of all these memories, he still managed to survive and become a bright person. So first of all, the precious of survival is the first thing Dave had taught me. In our daily lives, our often take everything for granted, just take a simple example. When we are eating our cereal breakfast, we would complain from our mom and say ‘ How come it’s the same taste again! I have ate this cereal for whole week! I’m bored of it! while you are complaining with things you are not satisfied, Dave was managing not to starve to die. From the book, his mother rarely treated Dave as a son nor a human being, he is just an ‘it’, a non-existence. Eating is not a normal right for Dave, he had to finished all his chores in order to have a mouth of food, finding food from the trash and stealing food from a grocery store and classmates was the way to keep him alive. Just think about it? We are really l ucky aren’t we? As all us sitting in here and no need to worry about tomorrow’s live and will we survive or not. And it’s time to back to basics, don’t focus on things we don’t have but the things we have! We have friends, families and everyone sitting next to you in this youth center, what we got is far more than survive, and we should better treasure it, and not focus on the dark side. As I about the dark side, you might think Dave’s heart was full of hatred to his mum because her mum treated him so badly. But in contrast, Dave teach me forgiveness—the art of letting go. No matter what lies in their past, they can overcome the dark side and press on to a brighter world and turn tragedy into triumph’ Dave said in the book. How come a person can let go of his anger and bring love to her mum and his loving child, that’s Dave. Look at what happened to us, sometimes people or ourselves makes mistakes and the hatred will last in our heart, but actu ally what’s the point in remembering all those tragedy? Why don’t we move on? Just forgive ourselves and forgive others, your friends, your family. Then, you will find you heart is brighter and clearer than ever, just like Dave. In conclusion, I think this book is remarkable and incredible as Dave’s experience do change my way in looking in the world in more perspective such as survive, forgiveness, love, courage and faith, but the time is limited so I have to stop here. Lastly, I just want to say we could always let go of the bad things happened to us and treasure everything we got, be positive! Everyone in the youth center would support you. Even the darkest will end and sun will rise. Thank you.

Understanding Media and Communication

Understanding Media and Communication Introduction Films are lengthy plays recorded on electronic devices, which focus on telling factual, mythical, tradition, scientific and fictional stories. A film results from the creative skills of the producer who writes the script that the actors follow while acting. Most films attempt to replicate real situations, which have transpired in the past. Conversely, music is a composition that consists of lyrics. However, visual images as evident in the presence of images and sounds lack in music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Media and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidently, such media platforms pass information to the mass in an extensive manner. Nonetheless, they make use of different styles thus translating the intended messages. This paper aims to contrast the two media platforms based on certain aspects that include ideology, realism and audience. Transmedia narratives are story narrated over different media platforms. A story falls into this category once it conforms to three or more media platforms. The exponential developments in the media world have facilitated the growth of transmedia narratives. Diversification of media platforms will be the predominant factor driving the growth of transmedia narratives by creating more platforms. The discussion below compares two media platforms thus music and film. The discussion exemplifies the techniques and devices used in storytelling in music and films (Abba 2009). Ideology Ideology is a general term that describes certain ideas or values that people follow. Overtime, mass media has been an avenue that fosters definite ideas. This means media platforms can lead to changes in ideologies. Films have the capability to tell lengthy and complex narrative because they can accommodate a dynamic cast. In addition, they make use of sound and picture in messages. Film uses different techniques to suggest its significance . On the contrary, music uses few techniques since it faces limitations. Music only makes use of sound. Therefore, it cannot integrate all the techniques and devices into sound. However, films can integrate the techniques and devices into sound and images. The visual ability in films means that they have the capability to influence persons. Music can influence ideologies due to its rhythms and creatively used lyrics. Essentially, both are influential; however, films seem to exude significant influence. With the digital advancement, a filmmaker can now film complex pieces. In order to enforce certain ideologies, films use devices such as rhetoric techniques. Music and film have applied rhetoric relatively equally. Evidently, rhetoric refers to any part of the story where the storyteller asks a question yet the artist comprehends the answer. The style is evident significantly in film than music (Post and Gold, 2006). Audience Transmedia narratives exude diverse story lines. Transmedia narratives require fanatical audience that will endeavor to follow the variety of stories that exist. These narratives capture a wide range of audiences because they are present on numerous media platforms. It worth noting that music commands a large crowd than film because it is cheaper.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A vital element of transmedia narratives is that they bring the audience on-board. Once the audiences participate, they can adjust the storyline making it linguistically and ethnically suitable for the industry. This means that the audiences have a certain level of responsibility to add to the entire plot. This makes transmedia narratives more acceptable. The level of participation in altering the plot would be minimal since film involves diverse issues that include cast and resources. Conversely, altering the plot would be easier since it involv es lesser people and resources. This means the flexibility of music gives it an edge over films, which are rigid. Transmedia allows a single story telling on a multitude of ways. With the technological advancement, transmedia will help to explore previously untapped market. Indeed, it would suit audio oriented stories while film would be suitable for graphical and audio oriented stories. â€Å"Form of realism† Realism involves making a representation of real life situation in literature of arts. It fundamentally involves replicating a real situation. In contrasting the two media platforms with regard to realism, it is imperative to analyze their capability to replicate situations and scenarios. Films are competent of replicating situations exemplarily since it has both visual and audio capability. When they have a trained cast, they can bring out any story magnificently well. However, films require a substantial amount of resources to support the crew and equipment. Story tel ling on film requires an assortment of skills. This is because a film requires a script, which captures the basis of the story. Conversely, the process of storytelling in music is considerably simple but requires a gifted person. Telling a story in a song requires the singer to blend in the ideas, which is not an ordinary fit. However, storytelling through music is much simpler and inculcates fewer techniques and devices. On the contrary, storytelling through films involves many devices since it can accommodate a larger cast. This means that it can have antagonist protagonist, narrator, foil, and confidant. The antagonist, narrator, and antagonist represent the varying views, which may exist due to a certain story. The use of such a cast gives depth to the story telling in films since the story has to give space to allow the varying speakers to assert their views. Such diverse thought brought about by the cast will trigger the audience to pay attention. This means that the audiences are not just ordinary listeners. It is challenging and impractical to integrate such a cast in a song because it would lose certain aspects such as rhythm. Indeed, films have the capability to replicate a situation given the right cast and resources. These are attributable to the sound and visual aspect of films. In addition, film allows the audience to see the narrators and members of the cast. Music integrates poetry into lyrics to create rhyming words and thus improve rhythm in the song. Poetry represents the most incorporated style in music (Khlentzos 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Media and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Modes of representation† These modes present model of film making utilized in the past. These modes represent the patterns that film production engaged. These modes apply in film making by providing guidance to the filmmaker on the procedures to follow. This reveal an aspect of film making that is procedural (Isaken Dorval 1992). Therefore, storytelling through films is more technical and procedural than through music since set procedures are non-existent. This reveals filmmaking as a bureaucratic procedure that requires a certain set of processes followed. This represents a key difference between story telling through music and film. In music, there is no set procedure and the quality depends on the creativity of the musician. The artist has the responsibility to merge various genres to create a magnificent presentation. Filmmaking seems to follow a procedure in storytelling to guarantee a given quality to the listeners. Conversely, the modes are likely to lead to a good story telling since the set procedures facilitate quality work. Both media platforms have definite facets, which work in tandem. These two media outlet provides minimal avenue for feedback. In storytelling, it is imperative to create an avenue for feed back as it contributes to the overall plot of the story. In addition, it makes the audience an active participant in storytelling. Media platform such as blogs sites are pioneer in this field since they provide an avenue for the listener to articulate their feeling with regard to a given story. Interaction between the storyteller and the audience is crucial since the audiences are able to contribute to the plot of the transmedia narrative (McWilliams, 1998). Conclusion Transmedia narratives have become a predominant force in the 21st century communication. This is because most people are on social media and other correlated platforms. Music and films have been critical in creating this new media phenomenon. Music or songs only last for a diminutive phase while films are relatively lengthy. Basing on time, films can inculcate more styles, techniques, and devices to spruce up storytelling. The styles applied include ambiguity, rhetoric and a diverse cast. Overall, films use more devic es and techniques than music. Music and film are primarily different since the latter makes use of both images and sound while the initial only utilizes audio. The ability of film to make use of both sound and images has granted it advantage over music in storytelling. Nonetheless, the use of music in story telling surpasses the use of film despite its advantages. List of References Abba, T 2009, Hybrid stories: Examining the future of transmedia narrative, Liverpool  university press, 2, 1, pp 59-75.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Isaken, S Dorval, K 1992, Mode of symbolic representation in a cognitive style, Web. Khlentzos, D 2011, Challenges to Metaphysical Realism Web. McWilliams 1998, Effective Storytelling Web. Post, D Gold, L 2006, Literary Devices Web.